We consider the compatibility of the Wootters and Zurek development of information theory as applied to the two-slit experiment with the principle of complementarity. We also consider the limitations of aspects of Wootters and Zurek's analysis, and, independently of complementarity, the extent to which Wootters and Zurek's information theory can be considered a fundamental interpretation of the quantum theory (as applied to particle-wave duality). The question of particle-wave uncertainty relations will also be taken up.

I argue that quantum optical experiments that purport to refute Bohr’s principle of complementarity fail in their aim. Some of these experiments try to refute complementarity by refuting the so called particle–wave duality relations, which evolved from the Wootters–Zurek reformulation of BPC. I therefore consider it important for my forgoing arguments to first recall the essential tenets of BPC, and to clearly separate BPC from WZPC, which I will argue is a direct contradiction of BPC. This leads to a need (...) to consider the meaning of particle–wave duality relations and to question their fundamental status. I further argue that particle and wave complementary concepts are on a different footing than other pairs of complementary concepts. (shrink)

In this paper we investigate the locus of believability effects in syllogistic reasoning. We identify three points in the reasoning process at which such effects could occur: the initial interpretation of premises, the examination of alternative representations of them (in all of which any valid conclusion must be true), and the “filtering” of putative conclusions. The effect of beliefs at the first of these loci is well established. In this paper we report three experiments that examine whether beliefs have an (...) effect at the other two loci. In experiments 1 and 2 subjects drew their own conclusions from syllogisms that suggested believable or unbelievable ones. In the third experiment they evaluated conclusions that were presented to them. The data show that beliefs both affect the examination of alternative models and act as a filter on putative conclusions. We conclude by showing how some types of problem and some problem contents make the existence of alternative models more obvious than others. (shrink)

By general agreement, the First USSR Conference on Philosophical Problems of Natural Science, held 12 years ago, was an important event in bringing scholars together for the treatment of problems of world view. In order to stabilize this collaboration, the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences followed up on that conference by adopting a resolution establishing a Learned Council on Philosophical Problems in Natural Science. Approximately one year ago, the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences heard a report on the (...) work of that Learned Council, and its resolution, in condensed form, was published in Voprosy filosofii, 1970, No. 2. (shrink)

The preservation of peace is the central problem of the present day. The peoples have suffered from wars through the ages. No significant period in human history has been without them. Wars have become particularly devastating in the capitalist era, which has seen an improvement of armaments, an increase in the size of warring armies and in the scale of military operations.

The countries of the socialist community are currently undergoing a historical period in their development in which it is especially necessary for them to construct clear and precise ideas about many of the fundamentally new phenomena and trends in social life. However specific the problems may seem to each country, they essentially have much in common.

In the scientific study of historical processes, the Marxist position that the masses of the people are the agent of history has become a primary truth. As an initial methodological directive it stands opposed to every type of attempt to represent history as a process whose participants divide sharply into two fundamentally different groups - historical figures whose deeds shape the course and results of the historical development of society, and the rest of the people, who are the "passive matter" (...) of history, capable only of inert resistance to the changes that are taking place. (shrink)

Pt. 1. Book of nirvāṇa -- pt. 2. Book of nirvāṇa.

Progressive public opinion has proclaimed 1983 Karl Marx Year. On 5 May of this year, 165 years will have passed since the day of his birth; and a hundred years ago, on 14 March 1883, his mighty heart stopped beating. His intensive work in organizing the international revolutionary movement of the proletariat, the sedulous persecution of him by the authorities, and the constant material need and theoretical concerns that drove him to the point of exhaustion steadily undermined and ultimately destroyed (...) Marx's health. History granted him only sixty-five years of life, but his creative work in those years was the work of a century. (shrink)

Of late, there has been a deep interest in the subject of cultures and group behaviours with large numbers of nations engaging in international trade and other kinds of interactions. While a large body of knowledge in this area is available about other nations, it is only recently that interest in the study of Indian ethos has received attention. This paper is one such attempt to identify the distinctive features of leadership in the Indian ethos and contrast it with the (...) delineation of leadership in the Western ethos. It is suggested that while there are several similarities, the spiritual orientation and non-desire motivated action distinguish leader ship in the Indian ethos from that in the Western ethos. (shrink)

A consistent causal interpretation of the Klein-Gordon equation treated as a field equation has been developed, and leads to a model of entities described by the Klein-Gordon equation, i.e., spinless, massive bosons, as objectively existing fields. The question arises, however, as to whether a causal interpretation based on a particle ontology of the Klein-Gordon equation is also possible. Our purpose in this article will be to indicate, by making what we believe is a best possible attempt at developing a particle (...) interpretation of the Klein-Gordon equation, that such an interpretation is untenable. To resolve the nonpositive-definite probability density difficulties with the Klein-Gordon equation, we modify this equation by the introduction of an evolution parameter. We base our subsequent considerations on this modified Klein-Gordon equation. Partly to motivate the need for a relativistic causal interpretation and partly to give emphasis to aspects of the causal interpretation often overlooked, we begin our article with a brief historical survey of the causal interpretation. (shrink)

All Galen's surviving shorter works on psychology and ethics - including the recently discovered Avoiding Distress, and the neglected Character Traits, extant only in Arabic - are here presented in one volume in a new English translation, with substantial introductions and notes and extensive glossaries. Original and penetrating analyses are provided of the psychological and philosophical thought, both of the above and of two absolutely central works of Galenic philosophy, Affections and Errors and The Capacities of the Soul, by some (...) of the foremost experts in the field. Each treatise has also been subjected to fresh textual study, taking account of the latest scholarly developments, and is presented with accompanying textual discussions, adding greatly to the value and accuracy of the work without detracting from its accessibility to a wider readership. The volume thus makes a major contribution to the understanding of the ancient world's most prominent doctor-philosopher in his intellectual context. (shrink)